Learning Method Essays - Educational Psychology, Pedagogy

Learning Method The way I learn is by actually thinking of things and realizing why something is what it is instead of memorization. Anything that is taught to me I must find out why it is true, because without knowing why something is right, it causes confusion. For example a person tells me that plants are green. I will walk around and know that plants are green and only knowing that. When the rare occasion comes that I find a non-green plant I will be lost. Only if someone would have told me that plants are green because of the chlorophyll that produces their food through converting sunlight, water, and air into glucose, and that some plants have less chlorophyll or more to make them different colors, then I would know why those plants are different from the others. Also, I learn by actually having things demonstrated and learning how the process works. I can also further understand things by deeply looking into them. If everyone would just take some time and think about their actions or why they feel a certain way the world would be so much more peaceful. Most people do not know why they have hate for a certain group of people or why they do not like a certain type of music. Some of the people are fed someone else's opinion and it is usually someone that they look up to so they accept that opinion as their own without having a real reason for it. I think that everyone should learn by actually knowing information and explanations for everything instead of memorization of things that they will forget as soon as they do not need it for a test or for what they are learning it for. That will also help them with related topics, such as if you learn that bright colored spiders are poisonous because the bright colors ward off animals so they know not to eat them, then you would assume if you found a bright colored frog or flower, that it was poisonous too. If you only knew that bright colored spiders were poisonous and not the actual reason why, you would have made a mistake when seeing the brightly colored frog or flower by touching it and therefore becoming poisoned. School plays the biggest part in learning by memorization. Most teachers cram their students with tons of information and tell them to study it for a test without explaining most of it. By the time the test comes the students might know all of the information, but as soon as the test is over the information, useless to them now, is discarded. So in essence learning reasons for things can be very helpful to make it through everyday life. I think that is the easiest way to learn for me, and the most efficient way to learn. Philosophy

Modern Chinese Engagements Wed Love and Tradition

Modern Chinese Engagements Wed Love and Tradition In the past, Chinese parents and matchmakers arranged marriage engagements. The engagement consisted of six courtesies: a  marriage proposal, asking for names, praying for good fortune, sending betrothal gifts, sending invitations, and welcoming the bride. Matchmaker, Matchmaker, Make Me a Match A family would hire a matchmaker, and the matchmaker would go to another family’s home to seek a proposal. Then both families would consult a fortune teller who analyzed the man and woman’s birth dates, times, names, and other vital information. If they were deemed compatible, a marriage deal would be brokered. Betrothal gifts would be exchanged and a wedding planned. While some families may still opt for an arranged marriage or set their children up with their friends’ children, most modern Chinese find their own soul mates and decide when to get married. The man often presents the woman with a diamond engagement ring. But many Chinese engagement traditions including the exchange of betrothal gifts, a bridal dowry, and consultation with a fortune teller remain important today. Betrothal Gifts as a Tradition Once a couple decides to get married, the groom’s family customarily sends gifts to the bride’s family. These commonly include symbolic foods and cakes. In some provinces, however, tradition  dictates that the groom must give his future in-laws money for the privilege of marrying their daughter, often in excess of $10,000. Once the bride’s family accepts the gifts, the wedding cannot be called off lightly. Bridal Dowry as a Tradition In the old days, the bridal dowry consisted of the gifts a bride brought to her husband’s home after marriage. Once a woman married, she left her parents home and became part of her husband’s family. Her principal responsibility shifted to her husband’s family. The value of her dowry determined a woman’s status in her new household. In modern times, a dowry serves a more practical purpose in helping the couple get set up in their new home, where they usually reside independently of the grooms parents. A brides dowry may include a tea set, bedding, furniture, bathroom accessories, small appliances, and her personal clothing and jewelry. A Fortune Teller Consultation Before confirming an engagement, the families consult a fortune teller to ensure the couples compatibility. The fortune teller analyzes their names, birth dates, birth years, and birth times to determine if they can live in harmony. Once the fortune teller gives the OK, traditionalists seal the engagement with three matchmakers and six proofs: an abacus, a measuring vessel, a ruler, a pair of scissors, a set of scales, and a mirror Finally, the families consult a Chinese almanac to determine an auspicious day for the wedding. Some modern Chinese brides and grooms choose to announce their engagement and deliver their wedding invitations with traditional double happiness cakes, though many others forego this tradition in favor of a standard card sent through the mail.

Advertising and consumer culture, Public Service Annoucement(PSA) Essay

Advertising and consumer culture, Public Service Annoucement(PSA) - Essay Example e political, religious, social, governmental health & safety issues such as smoking campaigns, education campaigns, fitness campaigns, safe driving, gambling awareness, obesity campaigns, safe sex responsiveness and alcohol prevention operations etc. PSAs are released on all media formats including radio, television, mass media, print media, and social media through indoor & outdoor advertisements etc. In a nutshell, public communication campaigns are a purposive endeavor to influence behaviors of larger audience in a short span of time whilst utilizing multiple channels to communicate mediated message with intentions to reap social benefits. There is a universal process across the globe to design PSAs, which entails situational analysis of the cause after which target audience and objective of the campaign are specified. Later on using coherent set of strategies an informational and persuasive message is developed providing information, organization details and tagline of the campai gn. In this assignment, The I Know Campaign has been discussed in detail which was initially created in Los Angeles due to the disturbing rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea dominance among women of color that later on spread throughout America. History of Public Service Announcements dates back to World War II in United States of America when radio broadcasters and other advertising agencies presented their services towards war efforts and in the process war advertising council also came into existence which served as voice of war information to people through radio, print and outdoor advertisements. Later on after World War II, advertising council turned into an institution to serve nationwide campaigns such as "Only You Can Prevent Forest Fires", "Fight Cancer with a Checkup and a Check" and "A Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Waste" etc. Such PSAs raised public awareness along with raising funds for research too. Now even after 70 years since first Public Service Announcement, no explicit

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION &COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING Research Paper - 1

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION &COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING - Research Paper Example Revinate as a secondary data that holds information from third parties with most social media reviews including trip advisor, yelp, expedia and others. The data was collected through the consideration of Palomar hotel and the categorization of information in different fields such as the rooms, the bathroom, bed and others. Determination of the positive, neutral and the negative results provide a specific result as desired. The horizontal axis indicates the side that the customer’s performance levels get weighed on while the vertical axis represents the customers that showed satisfaction, dissatisfaction and neutrality in the service performances. Through the same, the competition for the business class is stiff between the two hotels and so the maintenance of the customers and the levels of improvement will determine how the retention aspect plays in keeping each participant in the market. The level of performance in service terms of Palomar Hotel is poor. The staff weighed in low on their service delivery and the customers were much satisfied by the cleanliness of the rooms and the bathrooms. The staff that the hotel has employed remains unsatisfying to the customers. The areas of strengths that the Palomar hotel has are in their room cleanliness and their bathrooms. The areas that need improvement include the areas of staff majorly. In the hotel business, the staff matter much and if their efforts and work does not much the expectations of the customers then the business gets affected. It is therefore wise for the hotel to consider reviewing their staff to ensure that the required quality of staff work in the hotel. The staff proves vital due to the fact that the better skilled the staff the more customer satisfaction achieved that could lead to more business and hence improved performance of the business. The level of staff has a huge impact on the customers in the business class. The consideration of

Corporate Goverance and Code of Ethics Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Corporate Goverance and Code of Ethics - Article Example This essay will focus on the role of corporate governance in creation and adoption of the corporate code of ethics. It is factual that the quality of management in an organization is determined by the effectiveness of its system of corporate governance. Proper corporate governance should aim at bringing onboard honest and competent employees. Besides, it should be geared towards instituting a framework that will ensure adequate employees compensation so that they are motivated to give their best to the company. Corporate governance together with codes of ethics plays a crucial role in the success of a business because it shapes the way the company is viewed by the stakeholders. This article shall focus on the factors that influence the creation and adoption of the corporate code of ethics by a firm as well as those that determine its effectiveness. Some of these factors include the effects of the board diversity, board stock ownership and the constituent of the board directors on the creation of the corporate code of ethics. High profile scandals that involve corporate officers have in the recent years led to an increased attention on the subject of corporate governance. Research reveals that board of directors plays a significant role in establishing the code of ethics in a firm. Thus, it is necessary for an organization to engage the services of the directors that have the competence of planning and overseeing the corporate code of ethics. Studies show that researchers, government regulators, and practitioners are all in agreement that independent directors are more suitable than the insiders in championing the interests of the shareholders and other stakeholders because in most cases they possess vast experience and it is also presumed that the may make the board be more independent. In addition, they tend to have a higher degree of awareness on their moral and legal commitment.

Manufacturing and storage of Khoa

Manufacturing and storage of Khoa ABSTRACT Khoa is a traditional dairy product which is produced in India by both organized and unorganized sector. It is the base for various traditional sweets manufactured in India. Apart from the traditional method of manufacturing khoa many methods were developed recently for the manufacture and storage of it. In the present essay I had mentioned about various technologies available for manufacture and storage of khoa. INTRODUCTION According to the National Dairy Development Board, India the annual production of milk during the year 2007-2008 is 104.8 million tonnes. India has two types of sectors for the marketing of milk and its products, one is organized sector and another is unorganized sector. The unorganized sector accounts for 88% of total milk production in India and it includes marketing of raw milk and traditional products such as locally manufactured ghee, fresh cheese, and sweets. The organized sector accounts for 10-12% of total milk production in India and it includes the dairy cooperatives and organized private dairies which produces Western-style dairy processed products based on pasteurization. The share of organized sector in the total milk production handling is increasing by the years (FAO, 2002).In India out of all dairy products consumed traditional products account for over 90 percent. In order to protect the surplus milk from spoilage simple processes were developed to produce products like curds (yoghurt-like fermented product), Makkhan (butter), Khoa (desiccated milk product), Chhana and Paneer (soft cottage cheese-like cultured product) and Ghee (clarified butter) (FAO, 2001). And nearly 7% of milk produced in India is converted to khoa (ICMR, 2000). KHOA MANUFACTURING PROCESS In India khoa is traditionally manufactured by continuous boiling of milk in a shallow iron or stainless steel vessel to remove moisture and the process continues till the total solid level is attained in the range of 65 to 72% (Pal and Raju, 2006). As per the Prevention of Food Adulteration (PFA), India (1955) rules, khoa sold by whatever variety or name such as Pindi, Danedar, Dhap, Mawa, or Kava which is obtained from cow or buffalo (or goat or sheep) milk or milk solids or a combination there of by rapid desiccation and having not less than 30 per cent milk fat on dry weight basis. The Bureau of Indian Standards has given the requirements for three types of khoa, viz. Pindi, Danedar and Dhap in terms of total solids, fat, ash, acidity, coliforms and yeast and mold counts (Indian Standard (IS): 4883, 1980). A minimum fat level of 5.5 in buffalo milk is required to achieve the PFA standard. Khoa has been categorized into three major groups i.e. Pindi (for Burfi, Peda), Dhap (Gulabj amun) and Danedar (Kalakand) on the basis of composition, texture and end use. KHOA MANUFACTURING PROCESS CHEMICAL ASPECTS Khoa contain 75-80% moisture, 25-37% fat, 17 -20% protein, 22-25% lactose, and 3.6-3.8% ash (Aneja et al. 2002).The milk is subjected to high heat temperature during the manufacture of khoa which initiates number of physico-chemical changes resulting in characteristics sensory, textural and structural properties in khoa. The continuous heating will reduce water activity, inactivates various milk enzymes and destroy pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms apart from development of desirable flavors and texture. The heating process promotes the denaturation and coagulation of milk proteins and the process is more rapid due to frothing and incorporation of air by continuous stirring (Sindhu et al. 2000). The disruption of fat globule membrane and subsequent release of free fat that account for 44.8-62.8 percent of total fat in khoa occurs due to vigorous agitation during heating process of milk (Mann and Gupta, 2006). Adhikari et al. (1994) has studied the interaction between milk macrom olecules during heating of buffalo milk using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and observed casein-casein, casein-whey protein and casein-lactose interaction with gradual heating of milk. The khoa made with buffalo milk and milk of high total solid will have more brown colour in the end product and this is due to browning reactions (Gothwal and Bhavdasan1992). Patil et al. (1992) has investigated khoa microstructure using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and revealed that khoa consists of larger protein granules made up of partially fused casein micelles and non-micellar proteins. They also observed reduction in the size of protein granules and inter-granular space during working or agitation of khoa manufacture process and it also resulted in large amount of fat globules membrane fractions. FACTORS AFFECTING KHOA QUALITY Type of milk: Buffalo milk is generally used instead of cow milk for the manufacture of khoa due to its higher yield, softer body and smooth texture. The khoa manufactured from cow milk have dry surface, yellow colour, sticky and sandy texture (Pal and Gupta, 1985). Amount of free fat: An optimum amount of free fat is necessary for desirable body and textural properties of khoa(Boghra and Rajorhia ,1982). Total solid level: There is significant positive correlation between total solid level milk and instrumental hardness, gumminess and chewiness of khoa (Gupta et al., 1990). Working of Khoa: The formation of large lactose crystals can be reduced through working of khoa when compared to un-worked khoa and working results in no perceived sandiness upon storage. EQUIPMENTS USED IN KHOA MANUFACTURING PROCESS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Khoa is generally manufactured by halwais in jacketed kettles, which has several disadvantages like poor and inconsistent quality and limited shelf life of about 5 days at 30 °C (International Conference on Traditional Dairy Foods, 2007).Most attempts made for up-gradation of the technology of khoa are directed towards mechanization of the process and developing continuous khoa making plants (Aneja et al., 2002). Agrawala et al. (1987) has developed mechanized conical process vat for preparation of khoa. It consists of a stainless steel conical vat with a cone angle of 60 ° and steam-jacket partitioned into 4-segments for efficient use of thermal energy and less heat loss.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Due its batch type of operation, it is suitable only for making limited quantities of the product. National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) which is situated at Anand (Gujarat), India has developed an Inclined Scraped Surface Heat Exchanger (ISSHE) for continuous manufacture of khoa (Punjrath et al., 1990). Concentrated milk of 42 to 45% total solids is used as feed in this machine and its inclination permits the formation of a pool of boiling milk critical to formation of khoa. Thin Film Scraped Surface Heat Exchanger (TSSHE) system has developed by Dodeja et al. (1992) at NDRI for the continuous manufacture of khoa and it consists of two Scraped Surface Heat Exchangers (SSHE) which are arranged in a cascade fashion. In this machine milk is concentrated in first SSHE to about 40-45% Total Solids and finally to khoa in the second SSHE. But feed for this unit is buffalo milk and thus rendering it suitable for organized small and large dairies and entrepr eneurs which is not in the case of Inclined Scraped Surface Heat Exchanger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The capacity of both TSSHE and SSHE is about 50 kg khoa per hour and many organized dairies have adopted these continuous khoa making machines. Three-stage continuous khoa manufacture unit has been developed by Christie and Shah (1992). It has three jacketed cylinders placed in a cascade arrangement which helps in easy transfer of milk from one cylinder in to other and it works as heat exchanger. The heat exchangers are installed with a mechanism of providing inclination and the slope allows the movement of the contents in longitudinal direction. The unit has a variable pulley drive which helps in speed adjustment and it is highly bulky requiring too much flooring area. (Pal and Cheryan, 1987) and (Kumar and Pal, 1994) have implemented Reverse osmosis (RO) technique for the manufacture of khoa from cow milk and buffalo milk respectively. This process comprises pre-concentration of milk (2.5-fold for cow milk and 1.5-fold for buffalo milk) using RO proc ess followed by desiccation in a steam-jacketed open pan for the manufacture of khoa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The final product obtained by this membrane process was found to be identical to the conventionally prepared product. This process saves energy during the initial concentration of milk. In order to make this process continuous jacketed pan should be replace with SSHE. Different workers incorporated whey solids in the form of whey protein concentrate (WPC) in the milk and reported that increased addition of WPC in the milk resulted in large granulation in khoa and increased yield (Dewani and Jayaprakasha, 2002). FOOD SAFETY AND QUALITY MANAGEMENT ISSUES DURING KHOA STORAGE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Due to higher nutrients and high water activity (.96),Khoa is easily Susceptible to growth of bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus are the main contaminating micro organisms in khoa and they cause many food-borne diseases. To prevent and reduce microbiological hazard from khoa HACCP should be applied. The microbial quality of Khoa is initially good during production time and it will gradually deteriorate during storage and marketing. The main Critical Control Point for the deterioration was identified as airtight packaging. This problem can be solved through changing the packaging material to muslin cloth which allows free air flow, reduced the microbial proliferation (ICMR, 2000). METHODS TO INCREASE STORAGE LIFE OF KHOA   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The storage life of khoa is only two to three days, under ambient conditions, and 15-20 days under refrigerated conditions (Ramzan and Rahman, 1973). Rancidity is one of the reason which deteriorates quality of khoa and it adversely a?ects storage life of khoa (Bashir et al., 2003).Addition of potassium sorbate e?ectively improves the storage life of khoa at higher temperatures. Jha and Verma(1988) have observed increased storage stability of khoa for 40 days by addition of potassium sorbate. Other workers also stated that the storage life of khoa can be enhanced by using di?erent types of food preservatives and antimicrobial agents (Wadhawa et al., 1993). At elevated temperatures the storage stability of freshly prepared khoa can be adversely a?ected. By measuring free fatty acids, peroxide value and iodine value we can determine storage stability of khoa. The free fatty acid, peroxide and iodine values for freshly prepared khoa were 0.025%, 0.38 meq/ kg and 80, respectively. The increase in free fatty acid and peroxide value and decrease in iodine value are the indicators of development of rancidity in khoa during three months of storage at elevated temperature. By adding BHA and BHT we can retard the development of rancidity in khoa on storage. But, BHT will act comparitively better than BHA. Therefore, we can increase the storage stability of khoa by adding synthetic antioxidants like BHA and BHT at elevated temperatures (Rehman and Salariya, 2005). CONCLUSION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although so many technologies are developed for the production and storage of khoa, there is a still a need of investigation of chemical and physical aspects during manufacturing of khoa in order to understand factors responsible for quality. And all the known technologies of manufacturing of khoa should be transferred to small holder farmers who are the major contributors of milk production in India .So that they can increase their prices of products by producing products which will meet the modern quality standards. REFERENCES: Adhikari.A.K., Mathur.O.N. and Patil.G.R. (1994). Interrelationships among Instron textural parameters, composition and microstructure of khoa and gulabjamun made from buffalo milk, Journal of Food Science and Technology, 31 (4) .pp.279-284. Agrawala .S. P., Sawhney.I. K. and Bikram Kumar. (1987). Mechanized conical process vat. Patent No. 165440. Aneja.R. P.,Mathur.B. N., Chandan.R. C.,and Banerjee.A. K.(2002). Technology of Indian milk products, 1st Ed.,Dairy India Year Book, Delhi.pp.126-128. Bashir.N. Rehman. Z. U., Syed. Q. Kashmiri.M. A. (2003). Effect of potassium sorbate on the physicochemical characteristics of milk concentrate (khoa) during different storage conditions. Pakistan Journal of Scientific Research, 55.pp. 103-109. Boghra.V. R. and Rajorhia.G.S. (1982). Utilization of pre-concentrated milk for khoa making, Asian Journal of Dairy Research. 1.pp.6 -12. Christie. I. S. and Shah,.U. S. (1992). Development of a three stage khoa making machine. Indian Dairyman.44 (1).pp. 1 4. Dewani. P. P. and Jayaprakasha. H. M. (2002). Effect of addition of whey protein concentrate on physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of khoa and khoa based sweets, Journal of Food Science and Technology.39 (5).pp.502 506. Dodeja.A. K., Abichandani. H., Sarma.S. C. and Pal.D. (1992). Continuous khoa making system design, operation and performance, Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 45(12).pp. 671 674. FAO.(2001).Report on the FAO E-mail Conference on Small-scale Milk Collection and Processing in Developing Countries. Chapter 3, pp .15. FAO. (2003).A Review of Milk Production in India with Particular Emphasis on Small-Scale Producers,pp.6. FAO. (2002). Annex I: Critical issues for poor people in the Indian dairy sector on the thresold of a new era. Gothwal.P.P. and Bhavadasan.M. K. (1992). Studies on the browning characteristics in dairy products, Indian Journal of Dairy Science, 45 (3).pp. 146-151 Gupta. S.K., Patil.G.R., Patel. A.A., Garg.F.C. and Rajorhia.G.S. (1990). Instron texture profile parameters of khoa as influenced by composition, Journal of Food Science and Technology, 27 (4).pp. 209-213 http://nddb.org/statistics/milkproduction.html http://www.dairyforall.com/indian-khoa.php Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). (2000). Application of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point for improvement of quality of processed foods,Vol. 30, No. 5. International Conference on Traditional Dairy Foods. (2007). National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (India), pp. 29. Jha.Y. K. Verma.N. S. (1988). Effect of potassium sorbate on the shelf life of khoa, Asian Journal of Dairy Research, 7.pp. 195-198. Kumar. S. and Pal.D. (1994) . Production of khoa from buffalo milk concentrated by reverse osmosis process, Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 47(3).pp.211 214. Mann.B. and Gupta.A.( 2006). Chemistry of milk in relation to manufacture of traditional dairy products,In compendium of Developments in traditional dairy products, Centre of Advanced Studies in Dairy technology, NDRI, Karnal. pp.12-17. Pal.D. and Cheryan.M. (1987). Application of reverse osmosis in the manufacture of khoa: Process optimization and product quality, Journal of Food Science and Technology, 24(5).pp. 233 238. Pal.D. and Gupta.S. K. (1985). Sensory evaluation of Indian milk products, Indian Dairyman, 37(10).pp. 465-474. Pal.D and Raju.P.N. (2006). Developments in the manufacture of heat desiccated traditional milk desserts,In compendium of Developments in traditional dairy products, Centre of Advanced Studies in Dairy technology, NDRI, Karnal. pp.18-25. Patil.G.R. Patel.A.A., Allan-Wojtas. P. and Rajorhia. G.S. (1992). Microstructure and texture of khoa, Food Structure, 11:155. Punjrath.J.S., Veeranjamlyala.B. Mathunni.M. I., Samal.S.K. and Aneja.R. P. (1990). Inclined scraped surface heat exchanger for continuous khoa making. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 43(2).pp.225 230. Ramzan. M., and Rahman.R. U. (1973). E?ect of storage time and temperature on the quality of cow milk khoa, Pakistan Journal of Science, 25.pp. 149-154 Sindhu. J.S., Arora .S. and Nayak. S. K.( 2000). Physico-chemical aspects of indigenous dairy products, Indian Dairyman, 52 (10).pp. 51-64. Wadhawa. B. K., Gandhi. D. N., and Goyal.G. K. (1993). Enhancement in the shelf life of khoa,Indian Food Packer, 47.pp.5-53. Zia-ur Rehman and A.M. Salariya.(2005).E?ect of synthetic antioxidants on storage stability of Khoa a semi-solid concentrated milk product , Food Chemistry 96 (2006) .pp.122-125.

How to Avoid Plagiarism Essay -- Plagiarism Essays

Plagiarism, conventionally defined as literary theft, is the stealing and replication of the original ideas of another person without requesting for consent or crediting the author of a recorded or authored work (Heath 4). It may take several forms, for example, presenting an idea as original even though it has been derived from an existing source, or even neglecting to put quotation marks when quoting a sentence from borrowed work. In as much as plagiarism is widely regarded as a bad practice, it is at times committed unintentionally. As a result, there is an anti-plagiarism policy in several academic institutions and heavy penalties are imposed on individuals involved in plagiarism. In my own view, failure to acknowledge or recognize the author of the original work is a dishonorable practice. Students who plagiarize published work are seen to be too lazy to do their own research work and properly grasp the concepts they are researching. Others are used to waiting till the last hour to start their work, increasing the chances of copying information. Most students perceive reading and research as a waste of time and consider some new information to be extremely difficult to understand (Heath 5). Teachers and lecturers who entertain plagiarism produce students with outstanding grades but very poor knowledge and understanding in their field of study (Bhanot, Fallows 173). Plagiarism normally makes an individual loose reliability and integrity in the eyes of the administration, hence getting leadership positions or institutional scholarships are out of the question. Plagiarism is seen as a severe contravention of normal scholarly conduct, necessitating colleges and universities in the US and UK to establish eit... ... of the tools are commercialized while others are offered for free to researchers. In order to properly learn more about plagiarism, it is important to appreciate the process of distribution and creation of ideas in the university. All knowledge is developed from preceding knowledge. As we read, revise, execute, research, and collect perspectives, we are building on other people’s thoughts. While drawing on other peoples thoughts and ideas, we manage to develop our own. In this base therefore, students should not shy away from using the work of others. Instead, they should learn how to avoid plagiarism. Works Cited Lin, Tan (2009). HEATH. Zasterle. Bhanot, Rakesh., Fallows, Stephen. Quality Issues in ICT-based Higher Education (SEDA Series) Routledge, 2005. Marsh, Bill. Plagiarism: Alchemy and Remedy in Higher Education. Albany, SUNY Press, 2007.

Family Background of Edgar Sia Essay

1. * Electronic Controller uses electrical signals and digital algorithms to perform its receptive, comparative and corrective functions. is best suited for applications where large load changes are encountered and/or fast response changes are required. Trerice Electronic Controllers have full auto tuning and PID capabilities, and offer a host of available options, including user selectable inputs and ranges, outputs, setback functions, and alarms. An economical â€Å"on/off† only style is also available for simple control applications. * Electromechanical controller is a type of traffic signal controller. Despite the fact that computerized traffic signal controllers have dominated the world of traffic signal control, electromechanical traffic signal controllers are still in existence. Electromechanical controllers have been in existence for over 60 years, and they are interesting in many ways, such as how they operate, for example. An electromechanical controller is solely operated by electrical relays. Electrical relays are what provide electrical currents to the important parts that are responsible for controlling the indications of a traffic signal that the electromechanical traffic signal controller is wired to * ELECTRICAL CONTROLLER For actuating a number of electrical devices in accordance with control inputs received from a number of control input sources includes a number of optical isolators having inputs coupled to the control input sources. The optical isolators function to electrically isolate each of the control input sources from each other and to provide individual control voltages corresponding to the control inputs received from the control input sources. The outputs of the optical isolators are coupled through a user-actuable matrix switch to the coils of a number of relays which, in turn, control the electrical devices. Through various settings of the matrix switch, various ones of the electrical devices can be actuated in response to control inputs received from particular ones of the control input sources. Electrical isolation is maintained among the control input sources to avoid the development of undesirable feedbacks to the non-actuated control input sources. * Mechanical Controllers combine sensors, logic, and actuators to maintain the performance of components of a machine. Perhaps the best known is the flyball governor for a steam engine. Examples of these devices range from a thermostat that as temperature rises opens a valve to cooling water to speed controllers such the cruise control system in an automobile. The programmable logic controller replaced relays and specialized control mechanisms with a programmable computer. Servomotors that accurately position a shaft in response to an electrical command are the actuators that make robotic systems possible. 2.) * Motor control * PWM controller * DC-DC controller * Switched mode power supply a) SWITCH is an electrical component that can break anelectrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another.[1][2] The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanicaldevice with one or more sets of electrical contacts, which are connected to external circuits. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either â€Å"closed† meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or â€Å"open†, meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is nonconducting. The mechanism actuating the transition between these two states (open or closed) can be either a â€Å"toggle† (flip switch for continuous â€Å"on† or â€Å"off†) or â€Å"momentary† (push-for â€Å"on† or push-for â€Å"off†) type. A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal to a system, such as a computer keyboard button, or to control power flow in a circuit, such as a light switch. Automatically operated switches can be used to control the motions of machines, for example, to indicate that a garage door has reached its full open position or that a machine tool is in a position to accept another workpiece. Switches may be operated by process variables such as pressure, temperature, flow, current, voltage, and force, acting assensors in a process and used to automatically control a system. For example, a thermostat is a temperature-operated switch used to control a heating process. A switch that is operated by another electrical circuit is called a relay. Large switches may be remotely operated by a motor drive mechanism. Some switches are used to isolate electric power from a system, providing a visible point of isolation that can be padlocked if necessary to prevent accidental operation of a machine during maintenance, or to prevent electric shock. An ideal switch would have no voltage drop when closed, and would have no limits on voltage or current rating. It would have zero rise time and fall time during state changes, and would change state without â€Å"bouncing† between on and off positions. Practical switches fall short of this ideal; they have resistance, limits on the current and voltage they can handle, finite switching time, etc. The ideal switch is often used in circuit analysis as it greatly simplifies the system of equations to be solved, however this can lead to a less accurate solution. Theoretical treatment of the effects of non-ideal properties is required in the design of large networks of switches, as for example used in telephone exchanges. b) RELAY is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations. A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to pro tect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called â€Å"protective relays†. c) COIL is formed when a conductor (usually an insulated solid copper wire) is wound around a core or form to create an inductor or electromagnet. When electricity is passed through a coil, it generates heat. One loop of wire is usually referred to as aturn, and a coil consists of one or more turns. For use in an electronic circuit, electrical connectionterminals called taps are often connected to a coil. Coils are often coated with varnish or wrapped with insulating tape to provide additional insulation and secure them in place. A completed coil assembly with taps is often called a winding. A transformer is an electromagnetic device that has aprimary winding and a secondary winding that transfers energy from one electrical circuit to another by inductive coupling without moving parts. The term tickler coil usually refers to a feedback coil, which is often the third coil placed in relation to a primary coil and secondary coil. A coil tap is a wiring feature found on some electrical transformers, inductors and coil pickups, all of which are sets of wire coils. The coil tap(s) are points in a wire coil where a conductive patch has been exposed (usually on a loop of wire that extends out of the main coil body). As self induction is larger for larger coil diameter the current in a thick wire tries to flow on the inside. The ideal use of copper is achieved by foils. Sometimes this means that a spiral is a better alternative. Multilayer coils have the problem of interlayer capacitance, so when multiple layers are needed the shape needs to be radically changed to a short coil with many layers so that the voltage between consecutive layers is smaller (making them more spiral like).

Do You Need ACT Scores to Transfer Colleges A Guide

Do You Need ACT Scores to Transfer Colleges A Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips One of the most complicated parts of transferring colleges is determining what the requirements are, especially when it comes to standardized tests. Unfortunately, there’s no simple answer to the question of whether you need to take the ACT as a transfer student, but this guide will walk you through how different schools policies vary and explain how much SAT and ACT scores count when applying as a transfer. Do You Need ACT Scores to Apply to College as a Transfer Student? The short answer is that it varies. What’s required of transfer applicants differsdepending on the school you’re interested in and how many credits you’ve completed so far. Generally speaking, the smaller and more selective the school and the fewer credits you’ve completed, the more likely it is that you’ll need to submit test scores. Most schools will also waive standardized testing requirements if you’ve been out of high school for more than five years or if taking the ACT represents an undue financial burden. To give you a sense of the range of policies, the following chart outlines the test score policies for a handful of schools.The far right column gives the number of credit hours (in semesters) above which any testing requirement is waived, and any other specific guidelines. School Requires ACTs Exceptions/Notes USC Yes More than 30 credit hours UT Austin No CU Boulder Yes More than 24 credit hours University of Illinois Yes More than 30 credit hours (but test scores are still recommended) Harvard Yes None University of California No Dartmouth Yes None Middlebury Yes Must send original high school scores Georgetown Yes At least5 years out of high school University of Washington Yes More than 40 transferable credits As you can see, schools' policies vary quite abit, so your best bet is to look up each school’s rulesabout whether transfer applicants need to submit standardized test scores. Figuring out how exactly to find that information can be a bit tricky, so here are some places to start: Look at the section of the website for transfer applicants. There might be a specific page about standardized scores; otherwise, try the application checklist or the FAQ page. Another approach is to search for â€Å"[your school] transfer ACT scores.† You may have to try a couple of the links before you find the information you need, however. If you're really having trouble, just call the admission office and ask! They'll be able to answer any questions you have about the transfer process. How Important Are ACT Scores As a Transfer Student? The other big question most students have about standardized tests is whether their scores count as muchfor transfer admissions as the do for freshmen ones. Happily, test scoresgenerally don't matter as much when you apply as a upperclassman transfer. ACT and SAT scores are used to predict college success. Since transfer students have proof of whether they can succeed in college in the form of their college transcripts, schools usuallycount SATs and ACTs less heavily than they do for freshman applicants. "If a student is transferring after one semester in college or a year, schools usually want the SAT [or ACT] and high school GPA, but the further away from high school, the less schools rely on them," college counselor Deborah Shames told US News. Again, though, the answer to this question is somewhat dependent on which schools you’re applying to- more competitive schools care more about test scores than less competitive ones. Meanwhile, if you’re transferringfromcommunity college, your school may have a guaranteed admission agreement with the local state university. The majority of these programs don’t require test scores, but some do. Further Reading If you have more questions about transferringcolleges, read our complete guide to the transfer process. Thinking about transferring, but not sure where you want to go? Use these college search sites to findthe school that's right for you. Or maybe you need help with another part of the application, like writing about extracurricularsor asking for recommendation letters. Disappointed with your ACT scores? Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Alex Heimbach About the Author Alex is an experienced tutor and writer. Over the past five years, she has worked with almost a hundred students and written about pop culture for a wide range of publications. She graduated with honors from University of Chicago, receiving a BA in English and Anthropology, and then went on to earn an MA at NYU in Cultural Reporting and Criticism. In high school, she was a National Merit Scholar, took 12 AP tests and scored 99 percentile scores on the SAT and ACT. 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KLEIN Surname Meaning and Family History

KLEIN Surname Meaning and Family History Similar to the English surname Little, Klein is  a  descriptive surname often bestowed on someone of short or petite stature. The name derives from  the German klein or Yiddish kleyn, meaning little. The klein root is also  often found used as a surname to distinguish a younger man of the same name, usually a son, in names such as Kleinhans and Kleinpeter. Alternate Surname Spellings:  CLEIN, CLINE, KLINE, KLEINE Surname Origin: German, Dutch Where is the KLEINSurname Most Common? According to surname distribution data from Forebears, Klein is a very  common surname in Germany where it ranks as the countrys 11th most popular surname. It is also common in Israel, where it ranks 23rd and the Netherlands, where it ranks 36th.   WorldNames PublicProfiler  indicates that within Germany, Klein is  most common in Saarland, followed by Rheinland-Pfalz. Its also very common in the Germany-bordering regions of France, including Alsace and Lorraine. Surname maps from Verwandt.de indicate that the Klein surname is present in the largest numbers in western Germany, in places such as Kà ¶ln, Rhein-Sieg-Kreis, Saarlouis, Stadtverband Saarbrà ¼cken, Siegen-Wittgenstein, Rhein-Erft-Kreis, and Oberbergischer Kreis, as well as in the cities of Berlin, Hamburg and Munich.   Famous People with the KLEIN Last Name Yves Klein - French painter and sculptorLawrence Klein  - American economistCalvin Klein  - American fashion designerJacob Theodor Klein  - German botanist, zoologist and politicianEmanuel Edward Klein - Croatian-born bacteriologist Genealogy Resources for the Surname KLEIN Little/Klein/Cline/Kline Y-Chromosome ProjectThis DNA project includes over 85 members with the surnames Little, Klein, Kline, or Cline interested in working collaboratively to combine genealogy research with DNA testing to sort out Little family lines. German Surname Meanings and OriginsUncover the meaning of your German last name with this guide to surname meanings and origins from Germany. How to Research German  AncestryLearn how to research your German family tree with this guide to genealogical records in Germany, including birth, marriage, death, census, military and church records. Klein Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Klein  family crest or coat of arms for the Klein surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   KLEIN  Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Klein surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Klein genealogy query. FamilySearch - KLEIN  GenealogyExplore over 3.9  million  historical records which mention individuals with the Klein surname, as well as online Klein family trees on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet - Klein  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Klein  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. DistantCousin.com - KLEIN  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Klein. The Klein  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Klein  from the website of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Police Brutality Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Police Brutality Law - Research Paper Example Besides, various states and regions have come up with their own police brutality laws. For example, in Minnessotta, Police brutality not only entails excessive use of force by police, but also entails; unnecessary gun use, beating civilians with fists, using batons to beat civilians, choking, unnecessary and inappropriate use of pepper spray, using police dogs inappropriately, body slamming against hard surfaces, abuse of the rights of a prisoner, and the unnecessary and inappropriate use of tasers by police (Johnson 26). Police brutality laws Police brutality laws not only apply to police officers, but also apply to sheriffs, detectives, security guards and many deputies. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) denotes that violations by law enforcement officers may be categorized under use of unwarranted excessive force, verbal abuse, racial-profiling, harassment and discrimination; however, all these subsections denote police abuse and brutality. Any police officer in the US who uses undue excessive force on civilians violates the 5th and 14th Amendments of the US Constitution. The Fifth Amendment is used by US courts when guarding against unreasonable searches and seizures in various police brutality cases. The 5th Amendment guarantees that civilians have freedom from any unreasonable searches and seizures. Using this amendment, judges and advocates have argued that law enforcement officers need not cause harm to citizens. The US Supreme Court states that the word ‘reasonable’ implies that various situations need various amounts of force, and as a result of this excessive force should in all circumstances be avoided. Apart from protecting against police brutality, the 5th Amendment also requires that no individual should be compelled to be one’s own witness in criminal proceeding (Mary 47). The Fourteenth Amendment requires that no state in the US shall enact and enforce laws that are repugnant to the privileges and immunities of Ameri can citizens. The 14th Amendment further states that no State has the right of depriving American Citizens liberty, life or property without following lawful procedures. This implies that all citizens are required to appear before judicial bodies whenever they are suspected to have contravened the law. Therefore, use of excessive force by police violates the 14th Amendment because it is a way of punishing civilians before they are actually tried before judicial systems (Walker, Spohn & Delone 49). Apart from the 4th and 14th Amendments, there are other laws that have been passed in the past, and these have ensured that police brutality should not be condoned. The 6th Amendment stipulates that people accused of criminal activities are accorded rights to an attorney, rights to speedy trials and impartial jury and right to confront or even cross-examine accusers. The 6th Amendment is helpful where the accused is beaten or forced to make a confession so that he can be prosecuted. This a mendment also protects individuals who are accused by use of evidence that culminated from illegal searches and seizures. The Eighth Amendment is important in that it protects all inmates from excessive force and unusual punishments. Therefore, whenever one is convicted of a crime, police brutality invokes the application of

The nature of organizations and the environment Essay

The nature of organizations and the environment - Essay Example Here are some of the factors that can undermine the operations of any international firm. As we all know that communication is as important for any business as finance or profit returns. Miscommunication can devastate any firm slowly but surely. Here are few communication problems in a global firm. This problem arises when managers see things differently (according to his own thinking and upbringing) and things are quite different in reality. So, it can push managers to act little wrongly in international environment to which they are unaware of. This whole set up of looking at things differently or if we can put it correctly through his own perception can make things haywire. In this problem, managers assume things relying on the information which they have beforehand or which they learn in their own business environment. For example, Americans generally think or assume that British are generally bull-headed people. This is their general perception. But, working in an international environment, these kinds of set assumptions can create great grievances. You have to deal with every set of people after meeting them, not just by your own stereotype assumptions. It is utterly wrong and unhealthy for an organization. Ethnocentrism refers to the sense of superiority that members of a particular culture have. The Russians generally claims that Americans consider themselves 'always right' kind of people. This behavior can shut down all possible communicative avenues and even create hostility and grudge against each other. In international environment, managers need to work more in an open manner. Role of power distance: This problem lies in the sphere of motivation. All cultures have different opinions about role of power in certain cultures. In some cultures, people like to be ordered, whereas, few cultures consider it very odd to behave like a boss. It can create hell of a problem for managers, because if manager works in a little authoritarian style and that consider very ineffective in that particular region, then manager needs to bring a change in his style of operating with his colleagues. For example, people in United States, Britain, and Scandinavian find it very tough to adjust with manager who works like a typical boss. Whereas, people in Indians, Mexicans, Japanese and South Koreans find it quite normal to work in this of environment.Leadership expert Warren Bennis stated somewhere that," Given the nature and constancy of change and the transnational challenges facing American business leadership, the key to making the right choices will come from understanding and embodying the leadersh ip qualities necessary to succeed in the volatile and mercurial global economy". The role of leadership in an international environment is extremely important in more of the pronounced terms. Across cultures, managers need to change some sound differences in their behavior to make it more effective and feasible. Managers in alien atmosphere need to be more liberal and more open for all kind of options. Personal values: Managers need to inculcate few major changes in their personal values to